The role of silicon to mitigate the harmful effects of biotic and abiotic stresses in rice (Oryza sativa L.): A review

Document Type : Review

Authors

1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Rasht, Iran.

2 1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Rasht, Iran.

10.22126/cbb.2025.12185.1106

Abstract

Introduction: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most significant crops and a primary source of food for more than half of the world's population. Thus, more rice production is required to maintain food security and meet the needs of the growing world population. At present, the growth of rice has been seriously influenced by various biotic and abiotic stresses in many regions of the world. Silicon (Si) is the second most prevalent element in the soil. Despite Si not being classified as an essential element for plants, it is beneficial in mitigating the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses. Rice being a Si accumulator, Si nutrition and its management can play a vital role in reducing the negative effects of environmental stress during the growth period.
Materials and methods: This article is a review that utilizes PRISMA search strategy. Data for this study was collected by searching in databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, ResearchGate and ScienceDirect. In this review we discuss the significant role of silicon in improving rice yield and mitigation the effects of biotic (pests and diseases) and abiotic (lodging, drought, salt, temperature, heavy metal toxicity and nutrient imbalance) stresses and also how the genetic and environmental factors, including soil types and pH, temperature, water regimes and soil nutrients, affect the Si uptake and accumulation in rice plant.
Results: The results of this study indicated that the application of Si not only improves crop yield but also mitigates the harmful effects of various stresses in rice. Most of these effects are due to Si deposition on different plant parts like leaves and stems. Si imparts resistance to pests and pathogens, mainly through two main mechanisms including physical (Si deposition beneath the cuticle layer and form a cuticle–Si double layer) and chemical (enhanced production and activity of antioxidant enzymes and plant volatile compounds) defenses. Si application during drought stress prevents compression of xylem vessels and thereby resulting in a reduction of transpiration rate. On the other hand, Si can improve the root traits, enhance absorption of water and thereby impart drought tolerance to rice plants. Si also reduces the effects of salt stress by decreasing Na uptake and its root-to-shoot translocation. Further, the application of Si to increase the culm strength and stability of vascular bundle thus, preventing plant lodging. Si can alleviate heavy metals toxicity in rice by chelation of metal ions, regulates metal transporters, stimulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and optimization of plant development.
Conclusion: The results of the current review reveal the importance of Si in imparting biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in rice; thus, it can be concluded that Si may be a boon for sustainable rice production, particularly under stress conditions.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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Cereal Biotechnology and Biochemistry
Volume 4, Issue 3 - Serial Number 3
September 2025
Pages 418-443

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