Review Article: Genetic Engineering in Cereals: Focusing on Agrobacterium Application

Document Type : Review

Authors

1 Iiranian Company for Maize Development, Seed Laboratory, Kermanshah, Iran.

2 Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

3 Horticulture and Crop Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran.

10.22126/cbb.2025.11721.1102

Abstract

Improving the quality and performance of plant products has significant and beneficial implications for food security and sustainable agriculture. Accordingly, plant genetic modification is a key issue in agricultural research to achieve these goals. To date, conventional breeding methods and genetic engineering have developed plants with higher yield and performance, better seed quality, and higher resistance to pests and diseases. The process of gene transfer in genetic engineering refers to a series of genetic procedures through which a specific segment of DNA, carrying a new gene or a novel structure of genes, is artificially inserted into the genome of a living organism using laboratory techniques. In this genetic process, the recipient of the new gene is referred to as a transgenic organism. Two systems are employed in this process: direct and indirect gene transfer methods. Gene transfer via Agrobacterium is one of the successful methods for transferring genes in plants. This bacterium is regarded as nature's smallest genetic engineer. In the gene transfer technique to plants using Agrobacterium, the natural system of this bacterium is utilised to facilitate the transfer of the target gene. The application of this method by plant breeding researchers has led to beneficial genetic changes in various plant species. This technique offers numerous advantages over other gene transfer methods, including the stability of transgenic plants, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. However, there are limitations to this technology, such as lower efficiency of transgene, limited effectiveness in monocotyledonous plants, and dependence on genotype and explant. To address these limitations, genetic engineers are striving to overcome the complex mechanisms and challenges associated with this method, aiming to provide effective solutions for the targeted insertion of DNA into appropriate plant genomic locations. Given the importance of gene transfer via Agrobacterium and the need to enhance the efficiency of this method, investigating the mechanisms of gene transfer with this bacterium is essential. A deeper understanding of Agrobacterium biology can facilitate the expansion of gene transfer applications through this system. Furthermore, advancements in this gene transfer method require manipulation and iterative testing throughout the biological process. Therefore, the upcoming review article offers comprehensive information on gene transfer methods, the process of plant transgenics via Agrobacterium, the types of plants that have been modified using this technique, as well as the associated challenges and issues. This article will be beneficial for individuals working on plant genome editing using Agrobacterium and the CRISPR/Cas9 technique.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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Cereal Biotechnology and Biochemistry
Volume 4, Issue 1 - Serial Number 1
March 2025
Pages 132-164

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