A review of the role and function of promoters in cereal crops

Document Type : Review

Authors

1 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,, University of Guilan

2 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan.

3 Department of biotechnology, faculty of Agricultural sciences, University of Guilan

Abstract

Although all cells in a plant contain the same genes and the same genetic information, only a small group of genes are expressed at any given time to coordinate cell division, growth, differentiation, development, reproduction, environmental control, and other important cell processes. And these complex tasks are performed in a coordinated way. In general, gene expression can be regulated and controlled at any of the following stages: transcription, mRNA processing, transcription stability, mRNA transfer to the cytoplasm, translation, or protein modification. A key point in regulating expression is the beginning of copying, and there is a lot of information about setting up a copying machine near where the copying begins. Studies have shown that the main components in these processes are highly conserved in yeast, animals and plants. All transgenic structures - including target genes and marker genes - require promoters to regulate replication reproducibly and predictably. Transgenes are cloned together with different types of non-institutional promoters (from other sources) or co-institutional (studied plant) during the construction of chimeric genes within transgenic vectors, thus providing biotechnologists with a wide range of expression patterns that Suitable for their research and testing. The promoter (s) used in transgenic plants are the factors that in many cases distinguish between a successful plant biotechnology project and unknown and unsuccessful projects, so careful selection is crucial in any project. This article reviews the structure of promoters in eukaryotes and plants and describes the types of plant promoters and their most significant function as much as possible.
Although all cells in a plant contain the same genes and the same genetic information, only a small group of genes are expressed at any given time to coordinate cell division, growth, differentiation, development, reproduction, environmental control, and other important cell processes. And these complex tasks are performed in a coordinated way. Although all cells in a plant contain the same genes and the same genetic information, only a small group of genes are expressed at any given time to coordinate cell division, growth, differentiation, development, reproduction, environmental control, and other important cell processes. And these complex tasks are performed in a coordinated way. Although all cells in a plant contain the same genes and the same genetic information, only a small group of genes are expressed at any given time to coordinate cell division, growth, differentiation, development, reproduction, environmental control, and other important cell processes. And these complex tasks are performed in a coordinated way. In general, gene expression can be regulated and controlled at any of the following stages: transcription, mRNA processing, transcription stability, mRNA transfer to the cytoplasm, translation, or protein modification. A key point in regulating expression is the beginning of copying, and there is a lot of information about setting up a copying machine near where the copying begins. Studies have shown that the main components in these processes are highly conserved in yeast, animals and plants. All transgenic structures - including target genes and marker genes - require promoters to regulate replication reproducibly and predictably. Transgenes are cloned together with different types of non-institutional promoters (from other sources) or co-institutional (studied plant) during the construction of chimeric genes within transgenic vectors, thus providing biotechnologists with a wide range of expression patterns that Suitable for their research and testing. The promoter (s) used in transgenic plants are the factors that in many cases distinguish between a successful plant biotechnology project and unknown and unsuccessful projects, so careful selection is crucial in any project. This article reviews the structure of promoters in eukaryotes and plants and describes the types of plant promoters and their most significant function as much as possible. Although all cells in a plant contain the same genes and the same genetic information, only a small group of genes are expressed at any given time to coordinate cell division, growth, differentiation, development, reproduction, environmental control, and other important cell processes. And these complex tasks are performed in a coordinated way. Although all cells in a plant contain the same genes and the same genetic information, only a small group of genes are expressed at any given time to coordinate cell division, growth, differentiation, development, reproduction, environmental control, and other important cell processes. And these complex tasks are performed in a coordinated way.

Keywords

References

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Cereal Biotechnology and Biochemistry
Volume 1, Issue 1 - Serial Number 1
March 2022
Pages 101-139

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