مروری بر نقش و کارکرد پروموترها در غلات

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 گروه بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت

2 گروه بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان

3 گروه بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان

چکیده

پروموتر ها از عناصر حیاتی فعالیت ژن ها و تعیین کننده وظیفه و نقش آنها در فرایندهای سلولی هستند. پروموترهای یوکاریوتی از اجزای مختلف تشکیل شده اند. پروموترها به تنهایی و بدون وجود پروتئین‌های کمکی قادر به انجام وظایف فرضی خود نیستند. اگرچه همه سلول‌های یک گیاه حاوی ژن‌های یکسان و اطلاعات ژنتیکی مشابه هستند، اما فقط گروه کوچکی از ژن‌ها در هر زمان مشخص بیان می‌شوند تا در تقسیم سلولی، رشد، تمایز، نمو، تولیدمثل، کنترل محیطی و دیگر فرآیندهای مهم سلول، هماهنگی به وجود آید و این وظایف پیچیده به طریق هماهنگ شده انجام شود. به‌طور کلی، بیان ژن می‌تواند در هر کدام از مراحل رونوشت برداری، فرآوری mRNA، پایداری رونوشت، جابجایی mRNA به سیتوپلاسم، ترجمه یا تغییرات پروتئین تنظیم و کنترل شود. دانشمندان کارکرد پروموتر ها را در آزمایشگاه و یا با استفاده از اطلاعات بیوانفورماتیکی تجزیه تحلیل و یا پیش گویی می‌کنند پروموترها انواع مختلفی دارند که شامل انواع با فعالیت دائمی که تقریباً در همه بافت ها و همه مکان ها فعال هستند، انواع مکانی زمانی و در نهایت انواع مختص سلول است. یک قابلیت مهم پروموترهای مورد استفاده در تحقیقات القاء پذیری آنها است که می‌تواند فعالیت ژن را محدود به یک شرایط خاص مثلا تنش‌های زیستی و غیر زیستی کند. توانایی دانشمندان در سنتز پروموترهای مصنوعی که حاصل شناخت آنها از عناصر مولکولی است، سبب شده است تا کنترل بیان ژن‌ها با اطمینان بیشتری انجام شود. نقش اینترون‌ها در فعالیت پروموترها شناخته شده و اغلب دارای کارکرد تنظیمی مثبت هستند. مطالبی در خصوص همه این موارد در مقاله حاضر بحث و بررسی شده است. تمام ساختارهای تراژن - شامل ژن‌های هدف و ژن‌های مارکر- نیازمند پروموترهایی برای تنظیم رونوشت برداری به طور تکرار شدنی و قابل پیشگویی هستند. تراژن‌ها همراه با انواع مختلفی از پروموترهای ناهم‌نهاد (از منابع دیگر) و یا هم‌نهاد (گیاه مورد مطالعه)، در طی ساخت ژن‌های کایمری در داخل وکتورهای تراریزش، کلون می‌شوند و بدین وسیله متخصصین بیوتکنولوژی طیف وسیعی از الگوهای بیان را در اختیار خواهند داشت که مناسب تحقیقات و آزمایشات آن‌ها باشد. در این مقاله مروری ساختار پروموترها در یوکاریوت ها و گیاهان تشریح و انواع پروموترهای گیاهی و شاخص ترین کارکرد آنها تا حد ممکن ذکر شده است. یک نقطه کلیدی در تنظیم بیان ژن، آغاز رونوشت‎برداری است و اطلاعات زیادی درباره استقرار ماشین رونوشت‎برداری در نزدیک مکان آغاز و شروع رونوشت‏برداری وجود دارد. مطالعات نشان داده است که اجزاء اصلی در این فرآیندها در مخمر، حیوانات و گیاهان به‌شدت حفاظت شده است .

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

A review of the role and function of promoters in cereal crops

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehdi Sohani 1
  • Tayebeh Fallahi 2
  • Saideh Alidoost 3
1 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,, University of Guilan
2 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan.
3 Department of biotechnology, faculty of Agricultural sciences, University of Guilan
چکیده [English]

Although all cells in a plant contain the same genes and the same genetic information, only a small group of genes are expressed at any given time to coordinate cell division, growth, differentiation, development, reproduction, environmental control, and other important cell processes. And these complex tasks are performed in a coordinated way. In general, gene expression can be regulated and controlled at any of the following stages: transcription, mRNA processing, transcription stability, mRNA transfer to the cytoplasm, translation, or protein modification. A key point in regulating expression is the beginning of copying, and there is a lot of information about setting up a copying machine near where the copying begins. Studies have shown that the main components in these processes are highly conserved in yeast, animals and plants. All transgenic structures - including target genes and marker genes - require promoters to regulate replication reproducibly and predictably. Transgenes are cloned together with different types of non-institutional promoters (from other sources) or co-institutional (studied plant) during the construction of chimeric genes within transgenic vectors, thus providing biotechnologists with a wide range of expression patterns that Suitable for their research and testing. The promoter (s) used in transgenic plants are the factors that in many cases distinguish between a successful plant biotechnology project and unknown and unsuccessful projects, so careful selection is crucial in any project. This article reviews the structure of promoters in eukaryotes and plants and describes the types of plant promoters and their most significant function as much as possible.
Although all cells in a plant contain the same genes and the same genetic information, only a small group of genes are expressed at any given time to coordinate cell division, growth, differentiation, development, reproduction, environmental control, and other important cell processes. And these complex tasks are performed in a coordinated way. Although all cells in a plant contain the same genes and the same genetic information, only a small group of genes are expressed at any given time to coordinate cell division, growth, differentiation, development, reproduction, environmental control, and other important cell processes. And these complex tasks are performed in a coordinated way. Although all cells in a plant contain the same genes and the same genetic information, only a small group of genes are expressed at any given time to coordinate cell division, growth, differentiation, development, reproduction, environmental control, and other important cell processes. And these complex tasks are performed in a coordinated way. In general, gene expression can be regulated and controlled at any of the following stages: transcription, mRNA processing, transcription stability, mRNA transfer to the cytoplasm, translation, or protein modification. A key point in regulating expression is the beginning of copying, and there is a lot of information about setting up a copying machine near where the copying begins. Studies have shown that the main components in these processes are highly conserved in yeast, animals and plants. All transgenic structures - including target genes and marker genes - require promoters to regulate replication reproducibly and predictably. Transgenes are cloned together with different types of non-institutional promoters (from other sources) or co-institutional (studied plant) during the construction of chimeric genes within transgenic vectors, thus providing biotechnologists with a wide range of expression patterns that Suitable for their research and testing. The promoter (s) used in transgenic plants are the factors that in many cases distinguish between a successful plant biotechnology project and unknown and unsuccessful projects, so careful selection is crucial in any project. This article reviews the structure of promoters in eukaryotes and plants and describes the types of plant promoters and their most significant function as much as possible. Although all cells in a plant contain the same genes and the same genetic information, only a small group of genes are expressed at any given time to coordinate cell division, growth, differentiation, development, reproduction, environmental control, and other important cell processes. And these complex tasks are performed in a coordinated way. Although all cells in a plant contain the same genes and the same genetic information, only a small group of genes are expressed at any given time to coordinate cell division, growth, differentiation, development, reproduction, environmental control, and other important cell processes. And these complex tasks are performed in a coordinated way.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Promoter structure
  • constitutive
  • spatio-temporal
  • synthetic promoters
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