تاثیر روش‌های مصرف نیتروژن بر برخی ویژگی های کمی و کیفی دانه ارقام تجاری گندم نان در شرایط دیم و آبیاری تکمیلی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 موسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی دیم کشور، معاونت سرارود، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمانشاه

2 دانشگاه بیرجند، دانشکده کشاورزی گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات،ایران

3 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران

4 موسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی دیم کشور، معاونت سرارود، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمانشاه، ایران

5 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه
نیتروژن یک عنصر تعیین کننده در تغذیه، رشد گیاه و عملکرد کمی و کیفی آن محسوب می‌شود. با توجه به سطح زیر کشت بالای گندم دیم در کشور و اهمیت ویژه اقتصادی گندم در شرایط دیم ایجاب می‌کند که هر گونه راهکاری برای بهینه سازی کمیت و کیفیت این محصول مد نظر قرار گیرد.
مواد و روش ها
در این پژوهش تأثیر تیمارهای مختلف محلول‌پاشی کود اوره و کود سرک در مراحل مختلف نمو بر عملکرد دانه، پروتئین دانه، سختی دانه، عدد زلنی و شاخص گلوتن در شرایط دیم و آبیاری تکمیلی بررسی شد. این تحقیق به صورت آزمایش کرت‌های خرد شده نواری بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در دو سال زراعی 96-1395 و 97-1396 و هر سال در دو آزمایش جداگانه دیم و آبیاری تکمیلی اجرا شد. عامل‌های آزمایش عبارت بودند از: الف) محلول‌پاشی کود اوره در چهار مرحله رشدی (شاهد (آب پاشی)، آبستنی، آبستنی+ پرشدن دانه و پرشدن دانه) در کرت‌های اصلی ب) چهار رقم گندم دیم در کرت‌های فرعی (به صورت عمودی) و تیمار کود سرک در دو سطح (عدم مصرف و مصرف کود سرک) در مرحله نمو پنجه‌زنی به عنوان عامل افقی.
یافته ها
نتایج تجزیه مرکب و مقایسه میانگین‌ داده‌ها نشان داد که محلول پاشی کود اوره در هر سه مرحله رشدی باعث افزایش معنی‌دار عملکرد دانه، محتوای نیتروژن، درصد پروتئین دانه، سختی دانه، عدد زلنی و شاخص گلوتن دانه شد. کاربرد کود سرک نیز در هر دو شرایط دیم و آبی بر عملکرد دانه، پروتئین دانه، نیتروژن دانه و شاخص گلوتن معنی‌دار بود. بیشترین شاخص گلوتن در شرایط دیم (08/24 درصد)و آبیاری تکمیلی(19/16 درصد) مربوط به محلول پاشی در مرحله پرشدن دانه بود. بیشترین شاخص گلوتن، سختی دانه و عدد زلنی در هر دو شرایط دیم و آبیاری تکمیلی متعلق به رقم ریژاو بود. رقم ریژاو با 3/27 بیشترین مقدار و رقم آذر-2 با 6/18 از کمترین مقدار شاخص گلوتن برخوردار بود. محلول‌پاشی در مرحله پرشدن دانه بیش‌ترین سهم در افزایش پروتئین دانه و تیمار شاهد کم‌ترین نقش را داشت. بیشترین مقدار عملکرد دانه در شرایط دیم 2907 و در شرایط آبیاری تکمیلی 3957 کیلوگرم در هکتار بود که نسبت به تیمار شاهد (عدم کاربرد کود سرک) به ترتیب باعث افزایش 19 و 16 درصد عملکرد دانه در هر دو شرایط دیم و آبیاری تکمیلی شد.
نتیجه گیری
نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد محلول‌پاشی اوره و کاربرد کود سرک در هر دو شرایط دیم و آبیاری تکمیلی در بهبود صفات کیفی مؤثر بود. بیش‌ترین افزایش پروتئین دانه، سختی دانه عدد زلنی و شاخص گلوتن در هر دو شرایط دیم و آبیاری تکمیلی مربوط به محلول پاشی در زمان پرشدن دانه بود. در این پژوهش آبیاری تکمیلـی منجر به افزایش قابل ملاحظه عملکرد دانه نسبت بـه شـرایط دیـم شـد

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of nitrogen application methods on some quantity and quality traits of grain of bread wheat commercial cultivars under rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Rahman Rajabi 1
  • Seyed Vahid Eslami 2
  • Majid Jami Al-Ahmadi 3
  • Reza Mohammadi 4
  • mohsen saeidi 5
1 Dryland Agricultural Research Sub-Institute, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran
2 Birjand University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding Iran
3 Department of Agronomy and Plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
4 Dryland Agricultural Research Sub-Institute, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran
5 Department of Agronomy and Plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Razi, Kermanshah, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Nitrogen is a determining element in nutrition, plant growth, and its quantitative and qualitative performance. Considering the high cultivated area of dryland wheat in the country and the economical importance of this crop in dryland conditions, it is necessary to consider any solution to optimize the quantity and quality of this product.
Materials and methods: a strip split plot design based on RCBD with three replicates was conducted under rainfed and supplemental irrigation conditions during two cropping seasons (2016-17 and 2017-18) to evaluate the effect of Nitrogen (urea) applied by different foliar application treatments and top dressing fertilizer on grain yield, grain protein content, Zeleny number, and gluten index of wheat, Experimental treatments were: A: control (without application of N), foliar application of urea during booting, booting + grain filling and grain filling stages as the main plot, B: wheat cultivars as sub-plots, C: top dressing fertilizer including application and non-application (control) in strip factor were considered.
Results: The results of a combined analysis of variance and mean comparison showed that foliar spraying of urea fertilizer in all three growth stages significantly increased grain yield, nitrogen content, the percentage of grain protein and grain hardness, Zeleny number and grain gluten index. The application of top dressing fertilizer in both rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions on grain yield, grain protein and gluten index was also significant. The highest gluten index in rainfed conditions (24.08%) and supplementary irrigation (16.19%) was related to foliar application of urea during the grain filling stage. The highest index of gluten, grain hardness and Zeleny number in both rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions belonged to Rijaw variety. Rijaw variety had the highest value with 27.3 and Azar-2 variety had the lowest gluten index value with 18.6. Foliar application of urea during the grain filling stage had the most contribution to the increase of grain protein and the control treatment had the least contribution. The highest amount of grain yield in rainfed conditions was 2907 and in supplementary irrigation conditions were 3957 kg, which compared to the control treatment (no application of vinegar fertilizer), increased the grain yield by 19 and 16% in both rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions, respectively.
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that foliar application treatments and top dressing fertilizer in both rainfed conditions and supplementary irrigation were effective in improving quality traits. In this study, supplementary irrigation led to a significant increase in grain yield compared to rainfed conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Grain protein
  • Zeleny number
  • Gluten index

مراجع

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