بررسی صفات فیزیولوژیک ژنوتیپ‌های کینوا (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) در شرایط تنش شوری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد علوم و تکنولوژی بذر، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، گیلان، ایران

2 استادیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد رشت، گیلان، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: یکی از چالش‌های اساسی در مقیاس جهانی کاهش عملکرد گیاهان به دلیل شوری خاک است. 97/5 درصد آب جهان شور است و همچنین بسیاری از نواحی زمین‌های شور دارند. فعالیت‌های انسانی این چالش را شدیدتر می‌کند. شوری یکی از مسائل اصلی تأثیرگذار روی میزان عملکرد گیاهان زراعی در سطح جهان بوده و بیش از هفت درصد زمین‌های مسطح شور هستند. برتری تغذیه‌ای کینوا از زمان‌های قدیم در امپراتوری اینکا شناخته شده است. اهمیتی که کینوا می‌تواند در تغذیه ایفا کند نه تنها در کشورهای در حال توسعه بلکه در کشورهای توسعه یافته مورد تاکید است. بذرهای کینوا دارای ارزش غذایی بالاتر از بسیاری از دانه‌های غلات و حاوی پروتئین با کیفیت بالاتر و مقادیر زیادی از کربوهیدرات‌ها، چربی، ویتامین‌ها و مواد معدنی است. کینوا سطوح بالایی از مقاومت در برابر تعدادی از عوامل نامطلوب غالب مانند شوری خاک، خشکسالی، سرما، بیماری‌ها و آفات را نشان می‌دهد.
مواد و روش‌ها: در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﺛﺮات ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺷﻮری ﺑﺮ دو رﻗﻢ کینوا در مرحله جوانه زنی ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎی ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ Sajama و Titicaca ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ و ﺳﻄﻮح ﺷﻮری (NaCl) صفر، 4، 6، 8، 10 و 12 دﺳﻲزﻳﻤﻨﺲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ اﻋﻤﺎل ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. اﻳﻦ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻳﻞ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ در ﺳﺎل 1395 در آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزی داﻧﺸﮕﺎه گیلان اﺟﺮا ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﺻﻔﺎت درﺻﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪزﻧﻲ، ﻃﻮل رﻳﺸﻪﭼﻪ، ﻃﻮل ﺳﺎﻗﻪﭼﻪ، وزنﺗﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﻪ، ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﻮن دی‌آﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ، ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻز و ﭘﺮاﻛﺴﻴﺪاز اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮی ﺷﺪﻧﺪ.
یافته‌ها: ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮای ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺛﺮات رﻗﻢ، ﺷﻮری و اﺛﺮات ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻌﻨﻲدار ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ درﺻﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪزﻧﻲ، ﻃﻮل رﻳﺸﻪﭼﻪ، ﻃﻮل ﺳﺎﻗﻪﭼﻪ و وزنﺗﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺷﻮری ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ. درﺻﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪزﻧﻲ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ Sajama در ﺷﻮری 10 و 12 دﺳﻲزﻣﻴﻨﺲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ واﻛﻨﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ، درﺻﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪزﻧﻲ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ Titicaca از ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻮری 6 دﺳﻲزﻳﻤﻨﺲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ. اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺗﻨﺶ ﺷﻮری ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﻮن دی‌آﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ، ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﭘﺮاﻛﺴﻴﺪاز و ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻز در ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗهای ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. در سطوح شوری 6 و 4 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر بالاترین میزان کاتالاز برای ژنوتیپ Sajama در مقایسه با ژنوتیـپ دیگر بدست آمد.
نتیجه‌گیری: ژﻧﻮﺗﻴپ Sajama ﺑﻪدﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﺗﺮی ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧﺰﻳﻢهای آﻧﺘﻲ اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﻧﺖ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭙﻲ ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮری ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎی ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد. می‌توان گفت ژنوتیپ Sajama تحت تأثیر تنش شوری قادر است با حذف رادیکال‌های آزاد اکسیژن و پاکسازی محیط سلول از آن‌ها اثرات مخرب تنش شوری را تخفیف دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the physiological traits of quinoa genotypes (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under salt stress conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hadi Kianinezhad 1
  • Mohammad Naghi Safarzadeh Vishekaei 2
1 Master of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Guilan University, Guilan, Iran
2 Department of plant cultivation and breeding, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Guilan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: One of the primary challenges that exist all over the world is the reduction of plant yield due to soil salinity. 5.97% of the world's water is saline, and also many areas have saline land. Human activities exacerbate this challenge. Salinity is one of the main issues affecting the yield of crops worldwide, and more than 7% of flat land is salty. The nutritional superiority of quinoa has been known since ancient times in the Inca Empire. The importance that quinoa can play in nutrition is emphasized not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. Quinoa seeds have a higher nutritional value than most grains and contain high-quality protein and large amounts of carbohydrates, fat, vitamins, and minerals. Quinoa shows high levels of resistance to prevailing adverse factors such as soil salinity, drought, cold, diseases, and pests.
Materials and methods: In this study, the physiological effects of salinity stress on two quinoa genotypes in the germination stage were investigated. The studied genotypes were Sajama and Titicaca. The salinity stress (NaCl) was applied at 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 decisions per meter. This experiment was carried out using a factorial design based on the completely randomized design in the laboratory of Guilan University in 2015. The measured traits were germination percentage, root length, shoot length, plant weight, Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, catalase, and peroxidase.
Results: The results obtained from the analysis of variance showed that the effects of genotype, salinity, and interactions were significant for different traits. According to the results, germination percentage, root length, shoot length, and plant weight decreased with increasing salinity levels. The germination percentage of the Sajama genotype showed a response at 10 and 12 decimes/m salinity, while the germination percentage of the Titicaca genotype decreased at the salinity level of 6 decimes/m. Increasing the level of salinity stress resulted in increasing the accumulation of malondialdehyde, peroxidase, and catalase activity in the examined genotypes. At salinity levels of 6 and 4 dS/m, the highest amount of catalase was obtained for Sajama genotype in comparison with other genotypes.
Conclusion: Sajama is introduced as a salinity tolerant genotype for further studies due to the superiority of indicators such as the activity of antioxidant enzymes. It can be said that the Sajama genotype under the effect of salt stress can reduce the harmful effects of salt stress by removing oxygen-free radicals and cleaning the cell environment from them.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • catalase
  • germination
  • salinity
  • quinoa
  • peroxidase

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