ارزیابی خصوصیات زراعی و فیزیولوژیک رقم‌های گندم دوروم تحت شرایط دیم و آبیاری تکمیلی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه کشاورزی، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه تولیدات گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، گنبد کاووس، ایران.

چکیده

مقدمه: تنش خشکی یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل محدودکننده رشد و تولید گیاهان زراعی در اکثر نقاط جهان و ایران شناخته می‌شود و به‌عنوان یک تنش چند بعدی گیاهان را در سطوح مختلف تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد. تنش خشکی از دیدگاه فیزیولوژیک باعث تغییرات متعددی در محتوی آب نسبی برگ و رنگدانه‌های فتوسنتزی گیاهان می‌شود، که به‌نوبه خود باعث کاهش کارآیی فتوسنتز و کاهش قابل‌توجه پارامترهای رشد گیاه و در نهایت عملکرد می‌شود. در ایران، معمولاً در مرحله پرشدن دانه گندم تنش خشکی رخ می‌دهد و باتوجه به محدودیت آبیاری، انجام آبیاری تکمیلی می‌تواند نقش مهمی در مقابله با تنش خشکی داشته باشد. گندم دوروم (Triticum durum, Desf) به عنوان یک محصول غذایی با اهمیت به علت خصوصیات گلوتن سنگین و خمیر غیر چسبنده برای تهیه‌ی محصولات پاستا از جمله ماکارونی و اسپاگتی ایده‌ال می‌باشد.
مواد و روش‌ها: به منظور بررسی خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک, عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ارقام گندم دوروم تحت شرایط دبم و آبیاری تکمیلی تعداد 10 ژنوتیپ گندم دوروم، در قالب طرح کرت‌های خرد شده با پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی به‌صورت دیم و آبیاری تکمیلی با 3 تکرار در طی سال‌های زراعی 1397-1396 و 1398-1397، در شهرستان کوهدشت استان لرستان ارزیابی شد. صفات عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد (وزن هزار دانه، تعداد دانه در سنبله، تعداد سنبله در بوته) و همچنین خصوصیات بیوشیمیایی و فیزیولوژیک رنگدانه‌های فتوسنتزی، شاخص سبزینگی، آب نسبی برگ، پروتئین برگ و کارایی مصرف نور مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: نتایج تجزیه واریانس تنوع معنی‌دار در بین ارقام مورد بررسی، شرایط رطوبتی و همچنین برهمکنش رقم× شرایط روطوبتی برای بیشتر صفات نشان داد و تنها اثر متقابل رقم× شرایط روطوبتی دو صفت کلروفیل b و پروتئین برگ معنی‌دار نشد. اثر سال و اثرات متقابل سال با دیگر فاکتورها برای اکثر صفات معنی‌دار نبود. انجام آبیاری تکمیلی نسبت به شرایط دیم سبب شد که تمام صفات به استثناء شاخص سبزینگی و میزان پروتئین روند افزایشی بصورت معنی‌دار داشته باشند. مقایسه میانگین اثر متقابل رقم×محیط رطوبتی با روش دانکن در سطح 5 درصد نشان داد که ژنوتیپ‌ها در دو شرایط رطوبتی به‎طور متفاوتی برای صفات واکنش داشتند و ژنوتیپ‌های Omrabi3، هانا، آریا و ساجی در شرایط دیم از نظر صفات زراعی و فیزیولوژیک برتر از دیگر ژنوتیپ‌ها بودند و با انجام آبیاری تکمیلی این 4 ژنوتیپ برتری خود را حفظ کردند و دو ژنوتیپ شبرنگ و بهرنگ به این گروه اضافه شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع می‌توان بیان داشت که در دو سال مطالعه شده نتایج تقریبا یکسان بود. آبیاری تکمیلی نسبت به شرایط دیم سبب شد که خصوصیات زراعی و فیزیولوزیک ارقام بهبود یابد و در بین ژنوتیپ‌ها، تنوع بالایی برای تمام صفات مورد بررسی وجود داشت و این تنوع در دو شرایط رطوبتی متفاوت بود. با در نظر گرفتن میانگین عملکرد دوساله Omrabi3، ساجی، آریا و هانا برای شرایط دیم و Omrabi3، هانا و بهرنگ برای شرایط آبیاری تکمیلی منطقه مورد بررسی قابل توصیه است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of agronomic and physiological characteristics of durum wheat cultivars under rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hoshang Rahmati 1
  • Ali Nakhzari Moghadam 2
1 Department of Agriculture, Technical and Engineering Faculty, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Professors of Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Gonbad Kavous University,, Gonbad Kavous, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Drought stress is known as one of the most important factors limiting the growth and production of agricultural plants in most parts of the world and Iran. It is a multidimensional stress and affects plants at different levels. From a physiological point of view, drought stress causes several changes in the relative water content of leaves and photosynthetic pigments of plants, which in turn causes a decrease in the efficiency of photosynthesis and a significant reduction in plant growth parameters and ultimately grain yield. In Iran, drought stress usually occurs during the filling stage of wheat grains, and due to the limitation of irrigation, supplementary irrigation can play an important role in dealing with drought stress. Durum wheat (Triticum durum, Desf) is an important food product due to its heavy gluten properties and non-sticky dough, ideal for preparing pasta products such as macaroni and spaghetti.
Materials and methods: To investigate the physiological characteristics, yield, and yield components of durum wheat cultivars under drought conditions and supplemental irrigation, 10 durum wheat genotypes were evaluated in the form of a split-plot design with the basis of randomized complete blocks in dryland and supplemental irrigation with 3 replications during Crop years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in Kohdasht city of Lorestan province. Grain yield and yield components (weight of 1000 seeds, number of seeds per spike, number of spikes per plant) as well as biochemical and physiological properties of photosynthetic pigments, greenness index, relative leaf water, leaf protein and light consumption efficiency were investigated.
Results: Variance analysis showed a significant variation among the examined cultivars, moisture conditions, as well as the interaction of cultivar × humidity conditions for most of the traits except the interaction effect of cultivar × humidity conditions for chlorophyll b and leaf protein. The effect of year and interaction effects of year with other factors were not significant for most of the traits. Performing supplementary irrigation compared to rainfed conditions caused all traits to increase significantly, except greenness index and protein content. Mean comparison of interaction effect of cultivar × moisture environment with Duncan's method at 5% level showed that the genotypes reacted differently for the traits in two moisture conditions and in dry conditions, Omrabi3, Hana, Aria and Saji genotypes were superior to other genotypes in terms of agricultural and physiological traits, and with supplementary irrigation, these for genotypes maintained their superiority, and two genotypes, Shabrang and Behrang, were added to this group.
Conclusion: In general, it can be said that the results were almost the same in the two years studied. Supplementary irrigation compared to rainfed conditions improved the agronomic and physiological characteristics of the cultivars. Among the genotypes, there was a high diversity for all the examined traits and this diversity was different in two humidity conditions. Considering the two-year mean yield, the genotypes of Omrabi3, Saji, Arya and Hana for rainfed conditions and Omrabi3, Hana and Behrang for supplementary irrigation conditions of the studied area are recommended.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • durum wheat
  • genetic diversity
  • moisture stress
  • supplementary irrigation

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