تأثیر کم آبیاری با پساب شهرک صنعتی روانسر بر عملکرد دانه و تجمع برخی ‏فلزات سنگین در دانه گندم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه ایران.

2 مرکز تحقیقات غلات، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

چکیده

مقدمه: با توسعه و بهره­برداری از منابع آبی جدید به خصوص در بخش کشاورزی در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک مانند ایران، استفاده از پساب­ها می­تواند به عنوان منابع آب مورد توجه قرار گیرد. با استفاده از این منابع نه تنها بخشی از کمبود آب کشاورزی جبران می­شود بلکه از اثرات سوء تخلیه بی­رویه پساب­ها و خسارات وارده آن به منابع کشاورزی و محیط­زیست نیز جلوگیری می­شود. گندم یکی از محصولات بسیار مهم است که از نظر سطح  زیر کشت و ارزش غذایی دارای اهمیت بسیار بالایی است، لذا طی چند دهه گذشته اقدامات زیادی در راستای افزایش عملکرد آن صورت گرفته است. از جمله این اقدامات می­توان به کاربرد کودهای آلی نظیر لجن فاضلاب اشاره کرد که علاوه بر افزایش عملکرد، بررسی مسائل زیست محیطی و بهداشتی مرتبط با استفاده از این کودها همانند میزان جذب عناصر سنگین حائز اهمیت می­باشد.
مواد و روش‌ها: به منظور ارزیابی تأثیر پساب شهرک صنعتی روانسر بر عملکرد و تجمع فلزات سنگین در دانه گندم (رقم پیشگام)، در سال زراعی 96-1395 در مزرعه­ای در استان کرمانشاه، شهرستان روانسر، پژوهشی در قالب طرح اسپلیت پلات با سه تکرار انجام شد. عامل­های مورد بررسی شامل 1. آب آبیاری به‌عنوان عامل اصلی (در سه سطح: الف) آبیاری با پساب شهرک صنعتی ب) آبیاری با کانال قره­سو در روانسر ج) آبیاری با آب چاه) 2. دفعات آبیاری به‌عنوان عامل فرعی (شامل 1- یکبار آبیاری 2- دوبار آبیاری 3- سه بار آبیاری) بود.
یافته‌ها: نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان داد که کاربرد پساب شهرک صنعتی و آب کانال قره­­سو در روانسر دارای مقادیر قابل توجهی از ریزمغذی­ها  برای رشد گندم است. کاربرد پساب مذکور حکایت از افزایش غلظت آهن (43 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم)، روی (77/41 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم) و مس (53/7 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم) در بذر گندم داشت. مقایسه غلظت فلزات سنگین در نمونه­های گیاهی نشان داد، غلظت عناصر سنگین سرب (01/1 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم) و کادمیوم (21/1 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم) مورد ارزیابی در بررسی حاضر در نمونه تیمار شده با پساب بالا است. در تیمارهای آب چاه غلظت این عناصر کمتر از حد مجاز بوده ولی در تیمارهای آب کانال و پساب غلظت بسیار بالا و فراتر از حد مجاز این عناصر بود اما در محدوده غلظت سمی این عناصر قرار نگرفتند.
نتیجه‌گیری: پساب سبب افزایش غلظت آهن، روی و مس در مقایسه با شاهد در دانه گیاه گردید که کلیه این عناصر، زیرمغذی­های مورد نیاز جهت پرشدن دانه غلاتی مانند گندم می­باشند. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد پساب نقش مثبتی در پرشدن دانه­های گندم داشته است و با آزادسازی عناصر غذایی در طی دوره رشد گندم رقم پیشگام سبب افزایش عملکرد دانه شد. در مجموع، گرچه غلظت عناصر سنگین مورد ارزیابی در بررسی حاضر در نمونه تیمار شده با پساب بالا است اما با این اوصاف کمتر از میزان سمیت تعریف شده در دانه گندم بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of deficit irrigation with wastewater of Ravansar industrial town on grain yield‏ ‏and some heavy metals accumulation in wheat grain

نویسندگان [English]

  • Reza Khorami 1
  • Hassan Heidari 1 2
  • Gholamreza Mohammadi 1 2
1 Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
2 Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. |Cereal Research Center, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction: With the development and exploitation of new water resources, especially in the agricultural sector in arid ‎and semi-arid regions such as Iran, the use of wastewater can be considered as water resources. By using these ‎resources, not only part of the agricultural water shortage is compensated, but also the effects of improper discharge of ‎effluents and its damages to agricultural resources and the environment are prevented. Wheat is one of the most ‎important crops that is very important in terms of level and nutritional value, so over the past few decades, many ‎measures have been taken to increase its yield. Among these measures, we can mention the use of organic fertilizers such ‎as sewage sludge, which in addition to increasing yield, it is important to study the environmental and health issues ‎related to the use of these fertilizers, as well as the absorption of heavy elements.‎
Materials and methods: In order to evaluate the effect of Ravansar industrial town effluent on yield and accumulation of ‎heavy metals in wheat grain (Pishgam cultivar), in the 2016-17 crop year on a farm in Kermanshah province, Ravansar ‎city, a research project as split plot was performed in three replications. Experimental factors included 1. Irrigation water ‎as the main factor (at three levels: a) Irrigation with industrial town effluent b) Irrigation with the channel of Ravansar c) ‎Irrigation with well water) 2. Irrigation times as a secondary factor (including 1- One irrigation time, 2- two irrigation ‎times, and 3- three irrigation times). ‎
Results: The results of the present study showed that the application of industrial town effluent and water of Qarsoo ‎Ravansar canal had significant values of micronutrients for wheat growth. The application of the mentioned effluent ‎showed that the effluent increased the concentration of iron (43 mg kg-1), zinc (41.77 mg kg-1) and copper (7.53 mg kg-1) ‎in the wheat seed. Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in plant samples showed that the concentrations of lead ‎‎(1.01 mg kg-1) and cadmium (1.21 mg kg-1) evaluated in the present study are high in effluent-treated samples. In well ‎water treatments, the concentration of heavy metals was less than the allowable limit, but in canal and effluent water ‎treatments, the concentration was very high and beyond the allowable limit of heavy metals. But it is not in the toxic ‎concentration range of these elements. ‎
Conclusion: Effluent increased the concentration of iron, zinc, and copper in plant seeds compared to control. All of ‎these elements are the nutrients required for the filling of grains such as wheat. The results showed that the application of ‎wastewater had a positive role in the filling of wheat grains, and by releasing nutrients during the growth period of ‎Pishgam variety wheat, it increased grain yield. Overall, although the concentration of heavy elements evaluated in the ‎present study is high in the sample treated with wastewater, it was lower than the toxicity level defined in wheat grain. ‎

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Heavy elements
  • Industrial effluent
  • Organic fertilizer
  • Pollutants
  • Wheat
  • Yield

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