بررسی تاریخ‌های کاشت بذر کینوا (Chenopodium quinova Willd) به عنوان کشت دوم از نظر خصوصیات آگروفیزیولوژیک در شرایط اقلیمی کرمانشاه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

2 فارغ التحصیل زراعت گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی دانشگاه رازی

چکیده

مقدمه: کینوا یک شبه غله بومی منطقه آند در آمریکای جنوبی است و کینوا به دلیل خواص تغذیه‌ای بالا و سازگاری با محیط زیست به عنوان یک گیاه زراعی جایگزین جدید در بسیاری از نقاط دنیا قابل کشت است. انتخاب تاریخ کاشت مناسب به عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین برنامه‌های به‌زراعی، برای دستیابی به عملکرد بهینه در گیاهان زراعی شناخته می‌شود. در مناطق معتدل ایران، بعد از برداشت غلات زمستانه مثل گندم و جو، در زمین زراعی تا پاییز معمولاً گیاهی کشت نمی‌شود. لذا، انتخاب گیاهی به عنوان کشت دوم می‌تواند سبب افزایش درآمد کشاورز گردد. در ایران، تحقیقات چندانی در ارتباط با تاریخ کشت مناسب کینوا به عنوان کشت دوم انجام نگرفته است. هدف از این آزمایش، تعیین تاریخ کاشت مناسب کینوا به عنوان کشت دوم در شرایط آب و هوایی شهرستان کرمانشاه بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه رازی در سال 1397 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل تاریخ کاشت‌های 18و 25 تیر ماه و 1 و 8 مرداد ماه بود. در این تحقیق، برخی صفات زراعی و فیزیولوژیک اندازه گیری شد. تجزیه واریانس با نرم افزار SAS و مقایسه میانگین‌ها با آزمون حداقل اختلاف معنی‌دار (LSD) انجام گرفت.
یافته‌ها: نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که اثر تاریخ کاشت بر روی صفات ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاحه فرعی، تعداد پانیکول، تعداد دانه در پانیکول، طول پانیکول، تعداد روز تا گلدهی، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه و بیولوژیک، شاخص برداشت، کربوهیدارت محلول، غلظت پرولین، غلظت کلروفیل a و b معنی‌دار بود. مقایسه میانگین داده‌ها نشان داد که تأخیر در کاشت سبب کاهش معنی‌دار صفات مورد بررسی شد. بیشترین و کمترین میزان این صفات (بجز کربوهیدرات‌های محلول و غلظت کلروفیل b) به ترتیب در تاریخ کاشت‌های 18 تیر ماه و 8 مرداد ماه به دست آمد. بیشترین عملکرد دانه (40/2260 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به تاریخ کاشت 18 تیر ماه بود که در مقایسه با کمترین عملکرد دانه (40/1331 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به دست آمده در تاریخ کاشت 8 مرداد ماه حدود 70 درصد بیشتر بود. نتایج تجزیه همبستگی صفات مورد بررسی نشان داد که صفات ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه جانبی و عملکرد بیولوژیک به ترتیب بیشترین همبستگی مثبت را با عملکرد دانه داشتند. نتایج تجزیه علیت نشان داد که تعداد پانیکول در بوته و تعداد دانه در پانیکول بیشترین اثر مستقیم و تعداد شاخه جانبی  بیشترین اثر غیر مستقیم را بر عملکرد دانه کینوا داشتند.
نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که تاریخ‌های کاشت متفاوت اثر معنی‌داری بر روی عملکرد و اجزاء عملکرد کینوا به عنوان کشت دوم داشت و تاریخ کاشت 18 تیر ماه از عملکرد دانه بالاتری برخوردار بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation the planting dates of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) as a second crop in terms of agro-physiological characteristics in the climatic conditions of Kermanshah

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mokhtar Ghobadi 1
  • Yasin Norouzi 2
1 Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
2 PhD graduated of Agronomy, Razi University
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Quinoa is a semi-cereal native to the Andes region of South America. Quinoa can be cultivated in many parts of the world as a new alternative crop due to its high nutritional properties and compatibility to the environment. Choosing the appropriate planting date is known as one of the most important agricultural programs to achieve optimal yield in crops. In the temperate regions of Iran, after the harvest of winter cereals such as wheat and barley, crops are usually not cultivated in the arable land until autumn. Therefore, selecting plants as a second crop can increase the farmer's income. In Iran, not much research has been done about the proper planting date of quinoa as a second crop. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the suitable sowing date for quinoa as a second crop in the climatic conditions of Kermanshah.
Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the research farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah Iran, in 2018. The experimental treatments (sowing date) included 9th, 16th, 23rd, and 30th of July. In this research, some agronomic and physiological traits were recorded. Analysis of variance was done with SAS software and means were compared with the least significant difference (LSD) test.
Results: The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of planting date on plant height, number of secondary branches, number of panicles, number of seeds per panicle, panicle length, number of days to flowering, 1000 grains weight, grain and biological yields, harvest index, soluble carbohydrates, proline content, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b concentrations were significant. The mean comparison test showed that the delay in the planting caused a significant decrease in the investigated traits of the quinoa plant. The highest and lowest amounts of these traits (except for soluble carbohydrates and chlorophyll b concentration) were obtained on the planting dates of the 9th and 30th of July, respectively. For example, the highest grain yield (2260.40 kg ha-1) was related to the planting date of 9th July, which, compared to the lowest grain yield (1331.40 kg ha-1) obtained on the planting date of 30th of July, increased by about 70%. According to the results of the correlation analysis, plant height, number of lateral branches and biological yield had the highest positive correlation with grain yield, respectively. In addition, path analysis showed that the number of panicles per plant and the number of grains per panicle had the highest direct effect, and the number of lateral branches had the highest indirect effect on quinoa grain yield.
Conclusion: In general, the results of this study showed that different sowing dates significantly affected the grain yield and yield components of quinoa. All investigated traits decreased significantly with the reduction of the growth period length. The grain yield of the quinoa can be improved by choosing the appropriate sowing date due to the proper use of environmental resources (light, temperature, etc.).

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Planting date
  • yield
  • growth period
  • photosynthetic pigments

مراجع

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