ارزیابی اثر تنش کم آبیاری بر خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک، بیوشیمیایی و عملکرد دانه برخی ارقام گندم نان و دوروم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار سازمان جهاد دانشگاهی خراسان رضوی، ایران.

2 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد. مشهد. ایران.

3 استاد گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد. مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

مقدمه: گندم به عنوان یکی از اصلی‌ترین مواد غذایی در سفره‌های ایرانی، نقش اساسی در تغذیه مردم و تأمین امنیت غذایی کشور ایفا می‌کند. تنش خشکی به­عنوان یکی از عوامل محدودکننده عملکرد در گیاهان مختلف از جمله گندم مطرح است. در صورت شناسایی شاخص‌های فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی تحمل خشکی، به‎نژادگران می‌توانند از صفات فیزیولوژیکی به ‌عنوان شاخص گزینشی در جمعیت‌های بزرگ استفاده کنند.
مواد و روش‌ها: به‌منظور بررسی اثرات سطوح متفاوت رطوبتی بر صفات بیوشیمیایی و فیزیولوژیک در ارقام مختلف گندم نان و دوروم، آزمایشی به‌صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد اجرا گردید. فاکتورهای مورد بررسی شامل چهار سطح ­آبیاری (25، 50، 75 و 100 درصد نیاز آبی) در کرت­های اصلی و ارقام شامل سه رقم گندم ­نان (پیشگام، الوند، اروم) و سه رقم گندم دوروم (بهرنگ، آریا، دنا) در کرت‎های فرعی قرار گرفتند. صفات بیوشیمیایی مورد بررسی شامل محتوای قند­های محلول، ترکیبات فنلی و آسکوربات پراکسیداز و صفات فیزیولوژیک شامل محتوای کلروفیل a و b و کاروتنوئید بود.
یافته‌ها: در پژوهش حاضر، صفات محتوای کلروفیل a و b، محتوای کاروتنوئیدها، ترکیبات فنلی، فعالیت آنزیم‌ آسکوربات پراکسیداز و محتوای قندهای محلول نیز در شرایط سطوح متفاوت رطوبتی و در ارقام مختلف تفاوت معنی‌داری را نشان دادند. نتایج مقایسه میانگین داده‌ها نشان داد محتوی قندهای محلول، محتوی فنل و فعالیت آنزیم آسکوربات پراکسیداز در ارقام پیشگام و بهرنگ در تیمار تأمین 25 درصد نیاز آبی، نسبت به تیمار شاهد بیشتر بود. بیشترین کاهش در محتوی کلروفیل a مربوط به رقم دنا بود که در تیمار تأمین 25 درصد نیاز آبی، نسبت به تیمار شاهد، 40 درصد کاهش نشان داد. محتوای  کلروفیل b، با کاهش آب مصرفی کاهش یافت و این کاهش در ارقام اروم و دنا بیشتر از سایر ارقام بود. تفاوت معنی‌داری بین محتوای  کلروفیل b رقم پیشگام در سطوح تأمین 100، 75 و 50 درصد نیاز آبی مشاهده نشد. در بین ارقام گندم دوروم، محتوای کلروفیل b در رقم بهرنگ در مواجهه با تنش، کمتر کاهش یافت؛ به‌طوری‌که محتوای کلروفیل b این رقم در تیمارهای 100، 75 و 50 درصد تأمین نیاز آبی، تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشت. در شرایط شدیدترین تنش، بیشترین و کمترین مقدارکاروتنوئید به ترتیب مربوط به رقم‎های پیشگام و دنا بود. کم‌آبیاری منجر به کاهش محتوای کاروتنوئید در همه ارقام مورد بررسی شد. با این حال، ارقام پیشگام و بهرنگ به ترتیب با کاهش 67/15 و 47/15 درصد نسبت به سایر ارقام، کمترین کاهش را در میزان کاروتنوئید تجربه کردند. در مقابل، رقم دنا بیشترین کاهش را نشان داد و میزان کاروتنوئید در آن 50 درصد نسبت به شرایط بدون تنش آبیاری کاهش یافت. بیشترین عملکرد دانه (به‌ترتیب 7/7420، 6/6495 و 9/6459 کیلوگرم در هکتار) توسط ارقام پیشگام، بهرنگ و الوند تولید شد که از نظر آماری با همدیگر اختلاف معنی‎داری نداشتند. همچنین کمترین عملکرد دانه (4880 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به رقم اروم بود. عملکرد دانه با کاهش تأمین نیاز آبی کاهش یافت؛ به‌طوری‌که بیشترین عملکرد دانه (7350 کیلوگرم درهکتار) و کمترین (4550 کیلوگرم درهکتار) به‌ترتیب در تیمارهای 100 درصد و تأمین 25 درصد نیاز آبی تولید شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: به­طور کلی نتایج نشان داد که تیمار 25 درصد نیاز آبی به‌طور چشمگیری عملکرد دانه را کاهش داد؛ به‌طوریکه از 7350 به 4550 کیلوگرم در هکتار رسید. همچنین در بین ارقام، ارقام پیشگام و بهرنگ در مقایسه با سایر ارقام از عملکرد بالاتری برخوردار بودند که نشان از پتانسیل ژنتیکی این ارقام در تولید و عملکرد محصول ‌می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the effects of water dificit stress on the physiological and biochemical indices and grain yield of some durum and bread wheat cultivars

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sadegh Baghbankhalilabad 1
  • Hamid Reza Khazaie 2
  • Mohammad Kafi 3
1 Assistant Professor of Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Khorasan Razavi, Iran.
2 Professor of Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Mashhad, Iran.
3 Professor of Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Wheat is one of the most crucial products used in Iran, and it plays a vital role in ensuring food security. Drought stress is a significant factor that restricts the yield of several plant species, including wheat. By identifying physiological and biochemical indicators of drought tolerance, breeders can effectively utilize these traits as selection indicators in large populations.
Materials and methods: To investigate the effects of different moisture levels on biochemical and physiological in various cultivars of bread and durum wheat, we conducted an experiment using a split-plot design. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with three replications. The investigated factors include four levels of irrigation (100, 75, 50 and 25% of water supply) in the main plots and cultivars, including three varieties of bread wheat (Pishgam, Alvand and Oroum) and three varieties of durum wheat (Behrang, Aria and Dena) were placed in the sub-plot. The investigated biochemical traits included the content of soluble sugars, phenolic compounds, ascorbate peroxidase, and the physiological traits included the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll and b and carotenoids.
Results: The present study showed significant differences in the characteristics of chlorophyll a and b content, carotenoid content, phenolic compounds, ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity, and soluble sugar content in water deficit stress conditions and among different cultivars. The content of soluble sugars, phenol content, and ascorbate peroxidase activity in Pishgam and Behrang varieties showed that they were higher than other cultivars when subjected to a 25% water supply treatment. The largest decrease in the content of chlorophyll a was related to the Dena variety, which showed a 40% decrease in the treatment of providing 25% water supply compared to the control treatment. The content of chlorophyll b decreased with the reduction of water supply, and this decrease was greater in Oroum and Dena varieties than in other varieties. No significant difference was observed in the content of chlorophyll b in the Pishgam variety at the levels of 100, 75, and 50% of water supply. Among the durum wheat varieties, the content of chlorophyll b in Behrang was reduced when faced with less stress, resulting in no significant difference in the chlorophyll b content of this variety in the treatments of 100, 75, and 50% of water supply. In the most severe stress conditions, the Pishgam and Dena varieties had the highest and the lowest carotenoid values, respectively. A lack of irrigation led to a decrease in carotenoid content in all varieties. However, this decrease was less pronounced in the Pishgam and Behrang varieties, with reductions of 15.67% and 15.47%, respectively, compared to other varieties. The Dena verity experienced the highest decrease in carotenoid content, which was 50% compared to the without stress. The Pishgam, Behrang, and Alvand verities had the highest grain yields, with respective yields of 7420.7, 6495.6, and 6459.9 kg ha-1. These yields were not statistically different from each other. The Oroum variety had the lowest grain yield of 4880 kg ha-1. As for grain yield, it decreased as the intensity of low irrigation increased. The highest grain yield of 7350 kg ha-1 was achieved with 100% water requirement treatment, while the lowest grain yield of 4550 kg ha-1 was obtained with 25% water requirement treatment.
Conclusion: Overall, the results indicate that reducing the water requirement by 25% significantly decreased the grain yield from 7350 to 4550 kg ha-1. Among the tested varieties, Pishgam and Behrang performed better than others. This finding highlights the genetic potential of these cultivars in terms of crop production and overall performance.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Water dificit
  • physiological indices
  • biochemical traits
  • wheat

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