بررسی مقاومت به خشکی توده‌های بومی گندم نان (Triticum aestivum L.) با استفاده از شاخص‌های حساسیت و مقاومت به خشکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه ژنتیک و به‌نژادی گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

2 استاد گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

3 دکتری اصلاح نباتات، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایران.

چکیده

مقدمه: گندم مهم‌ترین محصول غذایی جهان از نظر سطح زیر کشت، ارزش تجاری و تغذیه­ای است و در مقایسه با سایر محصولات کشاورزی، بیشترین نقش را در تأمین امنیت غذایی جهان دارد. خشکسالی یکی از عوامل مهم محیطی است که تولید گندم را در سراسر جهان تهدید ‌‌می‌‌کند. درواقع خشکسالی و تنش گرمایی دو عامل اصلی در کاهش بهره­وری گندم محسوب می­شوند. به همین دلیل شناسایی و معرفی ارقام جدید گندم سازگار به تغییرات اقلیمی نامطلوب اجتناب‏ناپذیر است.اعمال تنش خشکی در مراحل حساس رشد­ی گندم، همچون مرحله پر شدن دانه، از طریق کاهش وزن و تعداد دانه در سنبله، موجب افت شدید عملکرد گندم خواهد شد. در سال­های اخیر مطالعات زیادی در خصوص به دست آوردن ژنوتیپ‌های سازگار گندم در شرایط دیم از طریق واریته‌های بومی و خویشاوندان وحشی به عنوان منابع اصلی تحمل به خشکی انجام شده است، به طوری که نتایج حاصل از این تحقیقات زمینه بررسی دقیق‌تر برخی از گونه‌های موجود در ژرم پلاسم گندم را فراهم کرده‌اند.
مواد و روش‌ها: در این تحقیق، 19 ژنوتیپ گندم به منظور شناسایی ژنوتیپ‌های متحمل به تنش خشکی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. این آزمایش  بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی و با سه تکرار در دو شرایط تنش خشکی و بدون تنش اجرا شد. برای بررسی ژنوتیپ­های مورد مطالعه از نظر حساسیت و مقاومت به تنش خشکی از 19 شاخص‌ استفاده گردید. به دلیل تفاوت در نتایج شاخص‌ها برای دقت بیشتر از رتبه‌بندی RS که بر مبنای میانگین و انحراف معیار رتبه‌ها است، استفاده گردید. در نهایت توسط این رتبه‌بندی ژنوتیپ‌های برتر شناسایی شدند.
یافته‌ها: با در نظر گرفتن تمام شاخص‌ها، ژنوتیپ‌های شماره 11، 4 و 5 به ترتیب دارای بهترین رتبه بودند و می­توان آن­ها را به عنوان ژنوتیپ‌های متحمل به تنش خشکی معرفی نمود. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه به مؤلفه­های اصلی برای شاخص‌های مقاومت به خشکی، نشان داد که مؤلفه اول و دوم به ترتیب  78/66 50/32 درصد از واریانس کل را توجیه نمودند. با توجه به شاخص­های محاسبه شده و بر اساس نتایج حاصل از تجزیه خوشه­ای، ژنوتیپ­ها به 4 گروه مجزا قرار گرفتند، به این ترتیب که، ژنوتیپ­های 11، 4 و 5 که بر اساس RS به عنوان برترین ژنوتیپ‌ها،در یک گروه قرار گرفتند. به طور کلی و بر اساس نتایج تجزیه کلاستر، ژنوتیپ­ها به چهار گروه مقاوم، نیمه مقاوم، نیمه حساس و حساس متمایز شدند.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که ژنوتیپ‌های شماره 4، 5، 11، و 14 بالاترین مقادیر شاخص‌هایYS، HAM، و YI را در شرایط تنش خشکی به خود اختصاص دادند. در مقابل، ژنوتیپ‌های 1، 6، 7، و 10 دارای کمترین مقادیر YS و YI بودند. همچنین، می­توان با توجه به این نتایج می توان اذعان داشت که، عملکرد دانه در شرایط تنش خشکی نرمال معیار مناسبی برای ارزیابی مقاومت به خشکی محسوب می­شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the drought resistance of native bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) populations using drought sensitivity and resistance indices

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra Morovati 1
  • Ezatollah farshadfar 2
  • hooman shirvani 3
1 PhD student, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Plant Genetics and Production Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
3 PhD Plant Breeding, Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Wheat is the most important food crop in the world in terms of cultivated area, commercial value and human nutrition. It plays the biggest role in providing food security in the world compared to other agricultural products. Drought is one of the major environmental factors which threaten wheat production worldwide. Drought and heat stress are two main factors reducing wheat productivity worldwide. Therefore, it is inevitable to improve and release new wheat cultivars adapted to adverse climate change. Drought stress during sensitive growth stages of wheat, including grain filling, decreases kernel weight and the number of grains in the spike, which results in a considerable drop in wheat yield. In recent years, numerous studies have focused on identifying wheat genotypes that are well-suited to dry conditions. Local varieties and wild relatives are being explored as primary sources of drought tolerance. The results of these studies serve as a foundation for further research into specific species found within wheat germplasm.
Materials and methods: Nineteen genotypes were studied in this research to identify the tolerant genotypes to drought stress. Nineteen indicators were used to assess the genotypes regarding sensitivity and resistance to drought stress. Due to the difference in the indicators' results, the RS rating was used for more accuracy, which is based on the average and standard deviation of the ratings. Finally, the top genotypes were recognized by this ranking.
Results: Considering all indicators, Genotypes 11, 4, and 5 were ranked highest and recognized as drought-resistant genotypes. Principal component analysis was conducted for drought resistance indices, revealing that the first two components made the largest contribution in explaining the variance of the data. The first component accounted for 66.78% and the second component accounted for 32.50% of the total variance. Based on the calculated indices, genotypes were categorized into four distinct groups. Genotypes 11, 4, and 5, which were identified as the best genotypes based on RS, were grouped together. Through cluster analysis, genotypes were further classified into four groups: resistant, semi-resistant, semi-sensitive, and sensitive.
Conclusion: The results showed that Genotypes 4, 5, 11, and 14 had the highest YS, HAM, and YI indices under drought stress conditions. In contrast, Genotypes 1, 6, 7, and 10 had the lowest YS and YI values. These findings align with previous research showing that grain yield in stress and non-stress conditions is the best criterion for evaluating drought resistance.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Index
  • Tolerance
  • Stress
  • Wheat

مراجع

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