مقاله مروری: مهندسی ژنتیک در غلات با تاکید بر کاربرد آگروباکتریوم

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 شرکت توسعه ذرت ایران، آزمایشگاه بذر،کرمانشاه، ایران.

2 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

3 مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمانشاه، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

چکیده

بهبود در کیفیت و عملکرد محصولات گیاهی پیامدهای مفید و مهمی برای امنیت غذایی و کشاورزی پایدار دارد. اصلاح ژنتیکی گیاهان یک حوزه مهم در بخش تحقیقات کشاورزی، جهت تحقق این امر است. تاکنون از طریق روش‌های به­نژادی مرسوم و مهندسی ژنتیک، گیاهانی با عملکرد بالاتر، کیفیت بهتر دانه و مقاوم در برابر آفات و بیماری­ها تولید شده است. فرایند انتقال ژن در مهندسی ژنتیک به مجموعه­ای از فرایندهای ژنتیکی اطلاق می­گردد که طی آن قطعه معینی از DNA استخراج شده، که حامل ژن جدید یا ساختار جدیدی از ژن­ها است را با استفاده از فنون آزمایشگاهی به­طور مصنوعی وارد ژنوم یک موجود زنده می­کنند. در این فرایند، دریافت­کننده ژن جدید را گونه­ی تراریخته می­نامند و از دو روش مستقیم یا روش غیرمستقیم برای انتقال ژن استفاده می­شود. انتقال ژن توسط آگروباکتریوم یکی از روش‌های موفق مورد استفاده در گیاهان زراعی و باغی است. انتقال ژن توسط این باکتری جزئی از کوچکترین مهندسی‌های ژنتیک در طبیعت است. فن انتقال ژن با آگروباکتریوم ، از سازوکار طبیعی این باکتری برای انتقال ژن هدف استفاده می‌کند. بکارگیری این روش از سوی پژوهشگران علوم به‌نژادی موجب ایجاد تغییرات ژنتیکی مفیدی درگیاهان شده است و گونه­های مختلفی از گیاهان با این روش اصلاح و بهبود یافته­اند. این روش نسبت به سایر روش‌های انتقال ژن برتری­های زیادی دارد که از جمله آن می‌توان به پایداری گیاه تراریخته، نبود پیچیدگی و همچنین مقرون­به صرفه بودن آن اشاره کرد. از محدودیت­های این فناوری هم می‌توان بازده پایین تراریختگی، کارآیی اندک در گیاهان تک‌لپه و وابستگی به ژنوتیپ و ریزنمونه را نام برد. جهت برطرف کردن این محدودیت­ها مهندسین ژنتیک در تلاشند که ساز­وکار­های پیچیده و مشکلات این روش را مرتفع کنند و راه‌حل مناسبی برای قرار دادن هدفمند DNA در مکان‌های ژنومی مناسب در گیاهان ارائه دهند. به­دلیل اهمیت انتقال ژن با آگروباکتریوم و بهبود کارایی این روش، بررسی مکانیسم انتقال ژن با این باکتری ضروریست، چرا که درک فزاینده ما از زیست‌شناسی آگروباکتریوم می‌تواند به گسترش کاربرد انتقال ژن به واسطه آگروباکتریوم کمک کند. از سوی دیگر لازمه پیشرفت در این روش انتقال ژن، دستکاری و ایجاد تغییرات به همراه آزمون و خطا در مراحل این فرایند زیستی است. بر این اساس، مقاله مروری پیش‌رو اطلاعات جامعی را در مورد روش‌های انتقال ژن، چگونگی تراریختگی گیاهان توسط آگروباکتریوم، انواع گیاهانی که با این روش اصلاح شده‌اند و همچنین چالش‌ها و مشکلات مرتبط با این روش ارائه می‌کند .این مقاله برای افرادی که بر روی ویرایش ژنوم گیاهان با استفاده از آآگروباکتریوم و روش  CRISPR/Cas9کار می‌کنند مفید خواهد بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Review Article: Genetic Engineering in Cereals: Focusing on Agrobacterium Application

نویسندگان [English]

  • Noosheen Falahi 1 2
  • Armin Saed-Moucheshi 3
  • Abbas Rezaizad 3
  • mohammad Gerdakaneh 3
1 Iiranian Company for Maize Development, Seed Laboratory, Kermanshah, Iran. |Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
2 Iiranian Company for Maize Development, Seed Laboratory, Kermanshah, Iran. |Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
3 Horticulture and Crop Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Improving the quality and performance of plant products has significant and beneficial implications for food security and sustainable agriculture. Accordingly, plant genetic modification is a key issue in agricultural research to achieve these goals. To date, conventional breeding methods and genetic engineering have developed plants with higher yield and performance, better seed quality, and higher resistance to pests and diseases. The process of gene transfer in genetic engineering refers to a series of genetic procedures through which a specific segment of DNA, carrying a new gene or a novel structure of genes, is artificially inserted into the genome of a living organism using laboratory techniques. In this genetic process, the recipient of the new gene is referred to as a transgenic organism. Two systems are employed in this process: direct and indirect gene transfer methods. Gene transfer via Agrobacterium is one of the successful methods for transferring genes in plants. This bacterium is regarded as nature's smallest genetic engineer. In the gene transfer technique to plants using Agrobacterium, the natural system of this bacterium is utilised to facilitate the transfer of the target gene. The application of this method by plant breeding researchers has led to beneficial genetic changes in various plant species. This technique offers numerous advantages over other gene transfer methods, including the stability of transgenic plants, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. However, there are limitations to this technology, such as lower efficiency of transgene, limited effectiveness in monocotyledonous plants, and dependence on genotype and explant. To address these limitations, genetic engineers are striving to overcome the complex mechanisms and challenges associated with this method, aiming to provide effective solutions for the targeted insertion of DNA into appropriate plant genomic locations. Given the importance of gene transfer via Agrobacterium and the need to enhance the efficiency of this method, investigating the mechanisms of gene transfer with this bacterium is essential. A deeper understanding of Agrobacterium biology can facilitate the expansion of gene transfer applications through this system. Furthermore, advancements in this gene transfer method require manipulation and iterative testing throughout the biological process. Therefore, the upcoming review article offers comprehensive information on gene transfer methods, the process of plant transgenics via Agrobacterium, the types of plants that have been modified using this technique, as well as the associated challenges and issues. This article will be beneficial for individuals working on plant genome editing using Agrobacterium and the CRISPR/Cas9 technique.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Agrobacterium
  • gene transfer
  • genetic engineering
  • transgenic plant
  • Ti plasmid

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بیوتکنولوژی و بیوشیمی غلات
دوره 4، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 1
فروردین 1404
صفحه 132-164

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